Photoelectrochemical sensing of isoniazid and streptomycin based on metal Bi-doped BiOI microspheres grown on book-shape layers of Ti3C2 heterostructures.

Isoniazid and streptomycin are vital drugs for treating tuberculosis, which are utilized as efficient anti-tuberculosis agents. This paper presents a novel visible-light-driven composite photocatalyst Ti3C2/Bi/BiOI, which was built from Ti3C2 nanosheets and Bi/BiOI microspheres. Photoelectrochemical (PEC) sensors based on Ti3C2/Bi/BiOI were synthesized for isoniazid identification, which showed a linear concentration range of 0.1-125 µM with a detection limit of 0.05 µM (S/N = 3). Moreover, we designed a PEC aptasensors based on aptamer/Ti3C2/Bi/BiOI to detect streptomycin in 0.1 M PBS covering the electron donor isoniazid, because the isoniazid consumes photogenerated holes thus increasing the photocurrent effectively and preventing photogenerated electron-hole pairs from being recombined. Furthermore, PEC aptasensors based on aptamer/Ti3C2/Bi/BiOI were synthesized for streptomycin identification, which exhibited a linear concentration range of 0.01-1000 nM with a detection limit of 2.3 × 10-3 nM (S/N = 3), and are well stable in streptomycin sensing.

18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG) positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) imaging of pediatric neuroblastoma: a multi-omics parameters method to predict MYCN copy number category.

Background: The MYCN copy number category is closely related to the prognosis of neuroblastoma (NB). Therefore, this study aimed to assess the predictive ability of 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG) positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) radiomic features for MYCN copy number in NB. Methods: A retrospective analysis was performed on 104 pediatric patients with NB that had been confirmed by pathology. To develop the Bio-omics model (B-model), which incorporated clinical and biological aspects, PET/CT radiographic features, PET quantitative parameters, and significant features with multivariable stepwise logistic regression were preserved. Important radiomics features were identified through least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) and univariable analysis. On the basis of radiomics features obtained from PET and CT scans, the radiomics model (R-model) was developed. The significant bio-omics and radiomics features were combined to establish a Multi-omics model (M-model). The above 3 models were established to differentiate MYCN wild from MYCN gain and MYCN amplification (MNA). The calibration curve and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analyses were performed to verify the prediction performance. Post hoc analysis was conducted to compare whether the constructed M-model can distinguish MYCN gain from MNA. Results: The M-model showed excellent predictive performance in differentiating MYCN wild from MYCN gain and MNA, which was better than that of the B-model and R-model [area under the curve (AUC) 0.83, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.74-0.92 vs. 0.81, 95% CI: 0.72-0.90 and 0.79, 95% CI: 0.69-0.89]. The calibration curve showed that the M-model had the highest reliability. Post hoc analysis revealed the great potential of the M-model in differentiating MYCN gain from MNA (AUC 0.95, 95% CI: 0.89-1). Conclusions: The M-model model based on bio-omics and radiomics features is an effective tool to distinguish MYCN copy number category in pediatric patients with NB.

Identification of an immune-related gene signature for predicting prognosis and immunotherapy efficacy in liver cancer via cell-cell communication.

BACKGROUND: Liver cancer is one of the deadliest malignant tumors worldwide. Immunotherapy has provided hope to patients with advanced liver cancer, but only a small fraction of patients benefit from this treatment due to individual differences. Identifying immune-related gene signatures in liver cancer patients not only aids physicians in cancer diagnosis but also offers personalized treatment strategies, thereby improving patient survival rates. Although several methods have been developed to predict the prognosis and immunotherapeutic efficacy in patients with liver cancer, the impact of cell-cell interactions in the tumor microenvironment has not been adequately considered. AIM: To identify immune-related gene signals for predicting liver cancer prognosis and immunotherapy efficacy. METHODS: Cell grouping and cell-cell communication analysis were performed on single-cell RNA-sequencing data to identify highly active cell groups in immune-related pathways. Highly active immune cells were identified by intersecting the highly active cell groups with B cells and T cells. The significantly differentially expressed genes between highly active immune cells and other cells were subsequently selected as features, and a least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression model was constructed to screen for diagnostic-related features. Fourteen genes that were selected more than 5 times in 10 LASSO regression experiments were included in a multivariable Cox regression model. Finally, 3 genes (stathmin 1, cofilin 1, and C-C chemokine ligand 5) significantly associated with survival were identified and used to construct an immune-related gene signature. RESULTS: The immune-related gene signature composed of stathmin 1, cofilin 1, and C-C chemokine ligand 5 was identified through cell-cell communication. The effectiveness of the identified gene signature was validated based on experimental results of predictive immunotherapy response, tumor mutation burden analysis, immune cell infiltration analysis, survival analysis, and expression analysis. CONCLUSION: The findings suggest that the identified gene signature may contribute to a deeper understanding of the activity patterns of immune cells in the liver tumor microenvironment, providing insights for personalized treatment strategies.

Characterization of a novel VenusX orthogonal dual-layer multileaf collimator.

PURPOSE: To investigate and characterize the performance of a novel orthogonal dual-layer alpha multileaf collimator (αMLC) mounted on the LinaTech VenusX linac. METHODS: We evaluated leaf positioning accuracy and reproducibility using an electronic portal imaging device through the picket fence test. The average, interleaf, intraleaf, and leaf tip transmissions of the single and dual layers were measured using an ionization chamber. Square and rhombus fields were used to evaluate the leaf penumbra of αMLC. To investigate the advantages of the orthogonal dual-layer multileaf collimator (MLC) in field shaping, right triangular and circular pattern fields were formed using both the dual layers and single layers of the αMLC. RESULTS: The average maximum positioning deviations of the upper and lower αMLC over 1 year were 0.76 ± 0.09 mm and 0.62 ± 0.07 mm, respectively. The average transmissions were 1.87%, 1.83%, and 0.03% for the upper-, lower- and dual-layer αMLC, respectively. The maximum interleaf transmissions of the lower- and dual-layer were 2.43% and 0.17%, respectively. The leaf tip transmissions were 9.34% and 0.25%, respectively. The penumbra of the square field was 6.2 mm in the X direction and 8.0 mm in the Y direction. The average penumbras of the rhombus fields with side lengths of 5 and 10 cm were 3.6 and 4.9 mm, respectively. For the right triangular and circular fields, the fields shaped by the dual-layer leaves were much closer to the set field than those shaped by single-layer leaves. The dose undulation amplitude of the 50% isodose lines and leaf stepping angle change of the dual-layer leaves were smaller than those of the single-layer leaves. CONCLUSIONS: The αMLC benefits from its orthogonal dual-layer design. Leaf transmission, dose undulations at the field edge, and MLC field dependence of the leaf stepping angle of the dual-layer αMLC were remarkably reduced.

First Isolation of Japanese Encephalitis Virus Genotype IV from Mosquitoes in Australia.

Introduction: Widespread transmission of Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) genotype four (GIV) occurred across mainland Australia in 2022. This resulted in forty-five human cases, including seven deaths, and the identification of JEV infection in over 80 commercial piggeries. Materials and Methods: We collected mosquitoes which were trapped using CO2-baited light traps deployed near piggeries reporting disease or in regions linked to human cases in the Wide Bay region in the state of Queensland. Mosquitoes from four traps yielded JEV RNA by real-time RT-PCR. Pools containing RNA positive mosquitoes were inoculated onto mosquito cell monolayers. Discussion: A single isolate of JEV was obtained from a pool of mixed mosquito species. Near whole genome sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of the JEV isolate demonstrated its high genomic relatedness with JEV GIV pig sequences sampled from Queensland and the state of New South Wales in 2022. Conclusion: We report the first isolation of JEV GIV from mosquitoes collected in Australia. With only a few JEV GIV isolates available globally, the isolate we report will be essential for future research of JEV host interactions, evolution and disease markers, and development of effective therapies, vaccines, diagnostic assays, and mosquito control strategies.

Kidney Energetics and Cyst Burden in Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease: A Pilot Study.

RATIONALE & OBJECTIVE: In this pilot study, we hypothesized that autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is characterized by impaired kidney oxidative metabolism that associates with kidney size and cyst burden. STUDY DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. SETTING & PARTICIPANTS: Twenty adults with ADPKD (31±6 years of age, 65% women, BMI: 26.8 [22.7, 30.4] kg/m2, eGFR (2021 CKD-EPI Creatinine): 103±18 ml/min/1.73m2, height-adjusted total kidney volume [HtTKV]: 731±370 ml/m, Mayo Classifications: 1B [5%], 1C [42%], 1D [21%], 1E [32%]) and 11 controls in normal weight category (NWC; 25±3 years of age, 45% women, BMI: 22.5 [21.7, 24.2] kg/m2, eGFR: 113±15 ml/min/1.73m2, HtTKV: 159±31 ml/m) at the University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus. PREDICTORS: ADPKD status (yes/no) and severity (Mayo Classifications). OUTCOMES: HtTKV and cyst burden by MRI, kidney oxidative metabolism and perfusion by 11C-acetate PET/CT, insulin sensitivity by hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamps (presented as ratio of M-value of steady state insulin concentration [M/I]). ANALYTICAL APPROACH: Chi-square/Fisher's exact tests used for categorical variables and t-tests/ Mann-Whitney U tests for continuous variables. Pearson correlation used to estimate the relationships between variables. RESULTS: Compared to NWC, participants with ADPKD exhibited lower mean±SD M/I ratio (0.586±0.205 vs. 0.424±0.171 (mg/kg lean/min) / (µIU/mL), p=0.04), lower median [p25, p75] cortical perfusion (1.93 [1.80, 2.09 vs. 0.68 [0.47, 1.04] mL/min/g, p<0.001) and lower median [p25, p75] total kidney oxidative metabolism (0.17 [0.16,0.19] vs. 0.14 [0.12, 0.15] min-1, p=0.001) in voxel-wise models excluding cysts. HtTKV correlated inversely with cortical perfusion (r:-0.83, p<0.001), total kidney oxidative metabolism (r:-0.61, p<0.001) and M/I (r:-0.41, p=0.03). LIMITATIONS: Small sample size and cross-sectional design. CONCLUSION: Adults with ADPKD and preserved kidney function exhibited impaired renal perfusion and kidney oxidative metabolism across a wide range of cysts and kidney enlargements.

Exploring the influence of a single-nucleotide mutation in EIN4 on tomato fruit firmness diversity through fruit pericarp microstructure.

Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) stands as one of the most valuable vegetable crops globally, and fruit firmness significantly impacts storage and transportation. To identify genes governing tomato firmness, we scrutinized the firmness of 266 accessions from core collections. Our study pinpointed an ethylene receptor gene, SlEIN4, located on chromosome 4 through a genome-wide association study (GWAS) of fruit firmness in the 266 tomato core accessions. A single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) (A → G) of SlEIN4 distinguished lower (AA) and higher (GG) fruit firmness genotypes. Through experiments, we observed that overexpression of SlEIN4AA significantly delayed tomato fruit ripening and dramatically reduced fruit firmness at the red ripe stage compared with the control. Conversely, gene editing of SlEIN4AA with CRISPR/Cas9 notably accelerated fruit ripening and significantly increased fruit firmness at the red ripe stage compared with the control. Further investigations revealed that fruit firmness is associated with alterations in the microstructure of the fruit pericarp. Additionally, SlEIN4AA positively regulates pectinase activity. The transient transformation assay verified that the SNP (A → G) on SlEIN4 caused different genetic effects, as overexpression of SlEIN4GG increased fruit firmness. Moreover, SlEIN4 exerts a negative regulatory role in tomato ripening by impacting ethylene evolution through the abundant expression of ethylene pathway regulatory genes. This study presents the first evidence of the role of ethylene receptor genes in regulating fruit firmness. These significant findings will facilitate the effective utilization of firmness and ripening traits in tomato improvement, offering promising opportunities for enhancing tomato storage and transportation capabilities.

Developmental Trajectories of Mental Health in Chinese Early Adolescents: School Climate and Future Orientation as Predictors.

There is growing support for the dual-continua model of mental health, which emphasizes psychopathology and well-being as related but distinct dimensions. Yet, little is known about how these dimensions co-develop from childhood to early adolescence and what factors predict their different trajectories. The current study aimed to identify distinct patterns of mental health in Chinese early adolescents, focusing on both psychopathological symptoms (i.e., depressive symptoms and self-harm behaviors) and subjective well-being (i.e., life satisfaction and affect balance). This study also examined the contributions of school climate and future orientation to these trajectories. A total of 1,057 students (Mage = 11.88, SDage = 1.67; 62.1% boys) completed four assessments over two years, with six-month intervals. Using parallel-process latent class growth modeling, we identified four groups: Flourishing (32.5%), Languishing (43.8%), Troubled with Stable Depressive Symptoms (16.1%), and Troubled with Increasing Self-Harm Risk (7.6%). Furthermore, school climate and future orientation contributed to adolescents' membership in these trajectories, either independently or jointly. Specifically, higher levels of future orientation combined with higher school climate were associated with a lower likelihood of belonging to the Troubled with Increasing Self-Harm Risk trajectory, compared to the Flourishing group. Our findings identified four distinct mental health trajectories consistent with the dual-continua model, and demonstrated that the development of psychopathology and well-being were not always inversely related (e.g., the Languishing group). Adolescents with unique developmental profiles may benefit from tailored intervention strategies that build on the personal and environmental assets of the adolescent.

UHPLC-HRMS based saponins profiling of three morphological regions in American ginseng (Panax quinquefolium L.) and their correlation with the antioxidant activity.

American ginseng (Panax quinquefolium L.) is used as tonic plant and high-grade nourishment. Ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC-HRMS) method was established for identifying the chemical constituent in three morphological regions of American ginseng, including main root (MR), rhizome (RH) and lateral root (LR). The 63 saponins was identified in different morphological regions of 10 American ginseng samples. The chemical maker compounds in corresponding morphological region, while the major compounds of MR (malonyl-ginsenoside Rb1, ginsenoside Rd, Rs2 and pseudo-RC1), LR (stipuleanoside R2, ginsenoside Re and malonyl-ginsenoside Rc), and RH (malonyl-ginsenoside Rd, Rb3, and chikusetsu saponin II) were discovered. Correlation analysis showed that 11 compounds were positively correlated with the antioxidant activity of American ginseng. Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10068-023-01453-4.

Effect of Cymbopogon martini (Roxb.) Will.Watson essential oil on antioxidant activity, immune and intestinal barrier-related function, and gut microbiota in pigeons infected by Candida albicans.

Essential oils are potential alternatives to antibiotics for preventing Candida albicans (C. albicans) infection which is responsible for economic losses in the pigeon industry. Cymbopogon martini essential oil (EO) can inhibit pathogens, particularly fungal pathogens but its potential beneficial effects on C. albicans-infected pigeons remain unclear. Therefore, we investigated the impact of C. martini EO on antioxidant activity, immune response, intestinal barrier function, and intestinal microbiota in C. albicans-infected pigeons. The pigeons were divided into four groups as follows: (1) NC group: C. albicans uninfected/C. martini EO untreated group; (2) PC group: C. albicans infected/C. martini EO untreated group; (3) LPA group: C. albicans infected/1% C. martini EO treated group; and (4) HPA group: C. albicans infected/2% C. martini EO treated group. The pigeons were infected with C. albicans from day of age 35 to 41 and treated with C. martini EO from day of age 42 to 44, with samples collected on day of age 45 for analysis. The results demonstrated that C. martini EO prevented the reduction in the antioxidant enzymes SOD and GSH-Px causes by C. albicans challenge in pigeons. Furthermore, C. martini EO could decrease the relative expression of IL-1ß, TGF-ß, and IL-8 in the ileum, as well as IL-1ß and IL-8 in the crop, while increasing the relative expression of Claudin-1 in the ileum and the crop and Occludin in the ileum in infected pigeons. Although the gut microbiota composition was not significantly affected by C. martini EO, 2% C. martini EO increased the abundance of Alistipes and Pedobacter. In conclusion, the application of 2% C. martini EO not only enhanced the level of antioxidant activity and the expression of genes related to intestinal barrier function but also inhibited inflammatory genes in C. albicans-infected pigeons and increased the abundance of gut bacteria that are resistant to C. albicans.

[Effects of Pesticides Use on Pesticides Residues and Its Environmental Risk Assessment in Xingkai Lake（China）].

Xingkai Lake, located in Heilongjiang Province, is an important fishery and agricultural base and is seriously polluted by agricultural non-point sources. To clarify the residual status of many pesticides in the surface water of Xingkai Lake, 27 types of pesticides, herbicides, and their degradation products were analyzed in rice paddy, drainage, and surface water around Xingkai Lake (China) during the rice heading and maturity periods. The results showed that all 27 types of pesticides, herbicides, and their degradation products were detected during the rice heading period, and the total concentration ranged from 247.97 to 6 094.49 ng·L-1. Additionally, 25 species were detected during the rice maturity period, and the total concentration ranged from 485.36 to 796.23 ng·L-1. In comparison, more pesticides, herbicides, and derived degradation products were detected during the heading period, and their total concentration was higher as well. During the rice heading period, atrazine, simetryn, and paclobutrazol were the main detected pesticides, atrazine and isoprothiolane were the main pesticides detected during the maturity period. The distribution characteristics of pesticides and herbicides in the surface water around Xingkai Lake (China) was similar to that in drainage, so they were probably imported from the drainage and rice paddy. The average risk quotient (RQ) values of atrazine, simetryn, prometryn, butachlor, isoprothiolane, and oxadiazon were higher than 0.1 in drainage and Xingkai Lake (China), which showed a potential risk to aquatic organisms.

Tandem transcription factors PpNAC1 and PpNAC5 synergistically activate the transcription of the PpPGF to regulate peach softening during fruit ripening.

Peach fruit rapidly soften after harvest, a significant challenge for producers and marketers as it results in rotting fruit and significantly reduces shelf life. In this study, we identified two tandem genes, PpNAC1 and PpNAC5, within the sr (slow ripening) locus. Phylogenetic analysis showed that NAC1 and NAC5 are highly conserved in dicots and that PpNAC1 is the orthologous gene of Non-ripening (NOR) in tomato. PpNAC1 and PpNAC5 were highly expressed in peach fruit, with their transcript levels up-regulated at the onset of ripening. Yeast two-hybrid and bimolecular fluorescence complementation assays showed PpNAC1 interacting with PpNAC5 and this interaction occurs with the tomato and apple orthologues. Transient gene silencing experiments showed that PpNAC1 and PpNAC5 positively regulate peach fruit softening. Yeast one-hybrid and dual luciferase assays and LUC bioluminescence imaging proved that PpNAC1 and PpNAC5 directly bind to the PpPGF promoter and activate its transcription. Co-expression of PpNAC1 and PpNAC5 showed higher levels of PpPGF activation than expression of PpNAC1 or PpNAC5 alone. In summary, our findings demonstrate that the tandem transcription factors PpNAC1 and PpNAC5 synergistically activate the transcription of PpPGF to regulate fruit softening during peach fruit ripening.

From linear to nonlinear Breit-Wheeler pair production in laser-solid interactions.

During the ultraintense laser interaction with solids (overdense plasmas), the competition between two possible quantum electrodynamics (QED) mechanisms responsible for e^{±} pair production, i.e., linear and nonlinear Breit-Wheeler (BW) processes, remains to be studied. Here, we have implemented the linear BW process via a Monte Carlo algorithm into the QED particle-in-cell (PIC) code yunic, enabling us to self-consistently investigate both pair production mechanisms in the plasma environment. By a series of two-dimensional QED-PIC simulations, the transition from the linear to the nonlinear BW process is observed with the increase of laser intensities in the typical configuration of a linearly polarized laser interaction with solid targets. A critical normalized laser amplitude about a_{0}∼400-500 is found under a large range of preplasma scale lengths, below which the linear BW process dominates over the nonlinear BW process. This work provides a practicable technique to model linear QED processes via integrated QED-PIC simulations. Moreover, it calls for more attention to be paid to linear BW pair production in near future 10-PW-class laser-solid interactions.

Association between Life's Essential 8 and all-cause or cardiovascular-specific mortality in patients with rheumatoid arthritis.

OBJECTIVES: Patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) have been found to have a higher cardiovascular disease (CVD) burden. We aimed to examine the associations between Life's Essential 8 (LE8), a metric of cardiovascular health (CVH) recently proposed by the American Heart Association, and all-cause and CVD mortality in RA patients. METHODS: This prospective cohort study analysed RA patients from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005-2018 with linked mortality data through December 31, 2019. Total LE8 scores were calculated and divided into the high- (LE8 80-100), moderate- (LE8 50-79), and low-CVH (LE8 0-49) groups. Weighted multivariable Cox regression, logistic regression and restricted cubic spline models were applied to explore the association between LE8 and outcomes. RESULTS: A total of 1424 RA patients were enrolled with a weighted mean age of 57.87 years and female proportion of 58.94%. During a median follow-up of 82 months, 270 all-cause (85 CVD) deaths were recorded. Compared with the high-CVH group, participants in the moderate- and low-CVH groups had an 85.8% and 129.5% increased risk of all-cause mortality, respectively. After adjustment for potential confounders, each 1 point decrease in LE8 score was associated with a 2.6% increased risk of CVD mortality. Subgroup analyses showed significant interactions between LE8 score and non-Hispanic white population with risk of all-cause mortality. The results were robust for all-cause mortality, but not for CVD mortality in the sensitivity analysis. CONCLUSIONS: CVH measured by the LE8 score is a robust and independent predictor of all-cause mortality among U.S. RA patients.

The Long Noncoding RNA Gall Bladder Cancer-Associated Suppressor of Pyruvate Carboxylase Inhibits the Proliferation, Migration, and Invasion of Colorectal Cancer Cells and Induces Their Apoptosis.

This study aimed to determine the role of the long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) gall bladder cancer-associated suppressor of pyruvate carboxylase (SOD2-1) in the progression of colorectal cancer (CRC). A total of 23 pairs of specimens, including CRC tissues and adjacent normal tissues, were collected, and the expression of lncRNA SOD2-1 (lnc-SOD2-1) was measured. lnc-SOD2-1 function was examined using HCT15 and HCT116 cells. A lnc-SOD2-1 overexpression vector was designed and transfected into both cell lines. MTS and colony formation assays were used to determine cell viability. Flow cytometry and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP-biotin nick end-labeling assays were performed to measure apoptosis. Cell migration and invasion were evaluated using the Transwell assay. Migration and invasion markers were validated using quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and western blot analysis. The results indicated that the expression of lnc-SOD2-1 was downregulated in CRC tissues. lnc-SOD2-1 overexpression evidently decreased cell viability and led to the formation of fewer cell colonies. lnc-SOD2-1 overexpression induced ~ twofold higher apoptosis than the control group. lnc-SOD2-1 overexpression reduced the proportion of migratory and invasive cells to 50% and 75% of the control group, respectively. lnc-SOD2-1 overexpression significantly decreased the expression of matrix metalloproteinase-2 and -9. In conclusion, lnc-SOD2-1 may act as a tumor suppressor that inhibits the proliferation, migration, and invasion of CRC cells and induces their apoptosis.

Dawn of CAR-T cell therapy in autoimmune diseases.

ABSTRACT: Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cell therapy has achieved remarkable success in the treatment of hematological malignancies. Based on the immunomodulatory capability of CAR-T cells, efforts have turned toward exploring their potential in treating autoimmune diseases. Bibliometric analysis of 210 records from 128 academic journals published by 372 institutions in 40 countries/regions indicates a growing number of publications on CAR-T therapy for autoimmune diseases, covering a range of subtypes such as systemic lupus erythematosus, multiple sclerosis, among others. CAR-T therapy holds promise in mitigating several shortcomings, including the indiscriminate suppression of the immune system by traditional immunosuppressants, and non-sustaining therapeutic levels of monoclonal antibodies due to inherent pharmacokinetic constraints. By persisting and proliferating in vivo, CAR-T cells can offer a tailored and precise therapeutics. This paper reviewed preclinical experiments and clinical trials involving CAR-T and CAR-related therapies in various autoimmune diseases, incorporating innovations well-studied in the field of hematological tumors, aiming to explore a safe and effective therapeutic option for relapsed/refractory autoimmune diseases.

Carbon reduction and water saving potentials for growing corrugated boxes for express delivery services in China.

Corrugated packaging for express grew by 90 times to 16.5 Mt y-1 in China, where 81% of recent global express delivery growth occurred. However, the environmental impacts of production, usage, disposal, and recycling of corrugated boxes under the entire supply chain remain unclear. Here, we estimate the magnitudes, drivers, and mitigation potentials of cradle-to-grave life-cycle carbon footprint (CF) and three colors of water footprints (WFs) for corrugated cardboard packaging in China. Over 2007 to 2021, CF, blue and gray WFs per unit package decreased by 45%, 60%, and 84%, respectively, while green WF increased by 23% with growing imports of virgin pulp and China's waste ban. National total CF and WFs were 21 to 102 folded with the scale effects. Only a combination of the supply chain reconstruction, lighter single-piece packaging, and increased recycling rate can possibly reduce the environmental footprints by 24 to 44% by 2035.

Transcatheter tricuspid valve interventions: Current devices and clinical evidence.

The tricuspid valve is known as "the forgotten valve". Tricuspid regurgitation (TR) is a highly prevalent valvular heart disease. TR is often late in the course of the disease when it becomes symptomatic, often being a marker of late-stage chronic heart failure with a poor prognosis and high mortality rate at long-term follow-up. Despite the clear correlation between TR and mortality, most TR patients are under-treated. Neither pharmacologic nor surgical treatment demonstrates a significant survival benefit. Isolated tricuspid valve surgery has the highest mortality rate of all valve surgeries. Therefore, there is an urgent clinical need for minimally invasive therapies to meet the needs of patients with TR. In recent years, a variety of transcatheter tricuspid valve interventions representing less invasive alternatives to surgery have shown promising results, which bring hope to patients with severe TR. The purpose of this review is to provide a complete and updated overview on current transcatheter tricuspid valve interventions and clinical evidence.

Multifunctional MOF@COF Nanoparticles Mediated Perovskite Films Management Toward Sustainable Perovskite Solar Cells.

Although covalent organic frameworks (COFs) with high π-conjugation have recently exhibited great prospects in perovskite solar cells (PSCs), their further application in PSCs is still hindered by face-to-face stacking and aggregation issues. Herein, metal-organic framework (MOF-808) is selected as an ideal platform for the in situ homogeneous growth of a COF to construct a core-shell MOF@COF nanoparticle, which could effectively inhibit COF stacking and aggregation. The synergistic intrinsic mechanisms induced by the MOF@COF nanoparticles for reinforcing intrinsic stability and mitigating lead leakage in PSCs have been explored. The complementary utilization of π-conjugated skeletons and nanopores could optimize the crystallization of large-grained perovskite films and eliminate defects. The resulting PSCs achieve an impressive power conversion efficiency of 23.61% with superior open circuit voltage (1.20 V) and maintained approximately 90% of the original power conversion efficiency after 2000 h (30-50% RH and 25-30 °C). Benefiting from the synergistic effects of the in situ chemical fixation and adsorption abilities of the MOF@COF nanoparticles, the amount of lead leakage from unpackaged PSCs soaked in water (< 5 ppm) satisfies the laboratory assessment required for the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act Regulation.

Drug delivery system based on metal-organic framework improved 5-Fluorouracil against spring viremia of carp virus.

Spring viremia of carp virus (SVCV), as a high pathogenicity pathogen, has seriously restricts the healthy and sustainable development of cyprinid farming industry. In this study, we selected 5-Fluorouracil (5-Fu) as the drug model based on zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 (ZIF-8) to construct a drug delivery system (5-Fu@ZIF-8), and the anti-SVCV activity was detected in vitro and in vivo. The results showed 5-Fu@ZIF-8 was uniform cubic particle with truncated angle and smooth surface, and the particle size was 90 nm. The anti-SVCV activity in vitro results showed that the highest inhibition rate of 5-Fu was 77.93% at 40 mg/L and the inhibitory concentration at half-maximal activity (IC50) was 20.86 mg/L. For 5-Fu@ZIF-8, the highest inhibition rate was 91.36% at 16 mg/L, and the IC50 value was 5.85 mg/L. In addition, the cell viability was increased by 18.1% after 5-Fu treatment. Similarly, after 5-Fu@ZIF-8 treatment, the cell viability increased by 27.3%. Correspondingly, in vivo experimental results showed the viral loads reduced by 18.1% on the days 7 and the survival rate increased to 19.4% at 80 mg/L after 5-Fu treatment. For 5-Fu@ZIF-8, the viral loads reduced by 41.2% and the survival rate increased to 54.8%. Mechanistically, 5-Fu inhibits viral replication by regulating p53 expression and promoting early apoptosis in infected cells. All results indicated that 5-Fu@ZIF-8 improved the anti-SVCV activity; it may be a potential strategy to construct a drug-loaded system with ZIF-8 as a carrier for the prevention and treatment of aquatic diseases.